Understanding genes and alleles was my next hurdle. I wrote definitions in my own words: “A gene is a unit of inheritance located on a specific chromosome. An allele is a version of that gene.” To solidify, I picked human blood groups: IA, IB, and i alleles at the ABO locus. Mapping out possible genotypes and their corresponding phenotypes (A, B, AB, O) helped me see how co-dominance and multiple alleles work together.
I also made flashcards: front shows genotype (e.g., IAIB), back shows phenotype (AB). Quizzing myself until I could instantly name the blood group from the genotype—and vice versa—made these abstract terms stick.
Sample SPM Question
“Explain the terms genotype and phenotype, and give one example of each in humans.”
My concise answer:
- Genotype: genetic makeup (e.g., IAIB)
- Phenotype: observable trait (e.g., blood group AB)
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